The Doctrine of Failure in Afghanistan: Rethinking nation building and the punitive expedition
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Declaring Victory in Afghanistan, an OtherWords cartoon by Khalil Bendib.
However well-intentioned it may be, nation building in a state with a tribal culture may be a failed doctrine from the outset. In cases where intervention is essential and where indigenous cultural resistance to adoption of Western-style democratic values is high and entrenched, the punitive expedition may be the best or "least bad" response.
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